In this test, your doctor examines urine specimens to look for infection, inflammatory disease of the urinary tract or precancerous conditions. Note, this test neither identifies cancer nor can it entirely rule out cancer. Your doctor may order a Urine cytology test if you have any of the following symptoms: • Unexplained blood in the urine • Burning sensation during urination • Persistent pain while urinating This test can also detect a variety of viral infections.